| .תודג תיכוכ (340 | ||||||||||
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ריהב הנוחג תרפרפא-םוח הבג .טעמ דדוקמ בנז תלעבו המוח ,הנטק תינונס :תודג תיכוכ בחרו רצק הרוקמ ,ההכ םוח ןיעה תיתשק .הזח תא הצוח םוח ספ .םיריהב הנורגו היחל .תוהכ תומוח םילגרהו תברקב תולודג תובשומב ,תינופצה הקירמאל היסא ךרד הפוריאמ ערתשמ הלודיג תיב .םירע תברקמו םייררה םירוזאמ תענמנ ,םיחותפ םיפונב ,םימ תליאו הברעה םורדב הרידנ ףרוח תרקבמ ,ץראה יקלח בורב רתויב היוצמ ךרוא תרבוע ץראב תינונסל ןווכמ ארקמב רוגעש םירעשמ , 'ב ז"ע תבש תכסמב תרכזנ 'ח הימרי ... רוגעו סוסו ,רותו... | ||||||||||
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Subspecies and Distribution.
R. r. riparia N-W Africa and Europe, E through Siberia to Kolyma river and Kamchatka, S to Kazakhstan, N Altai, and N parts of Baykal region. Also Turkey and Levant to N Iran, and N America. R. r. innominata Kazakhstan. R. r. ijimae S-E Siberia to Sakhalin, Kuril Is. and Hokkaido. R. r. shelleyi Nile valley in Egypt and N Sudan. R. r. eilata breeds unknown, possibly Near East. Apparently winters in Africa. | ||||||||||
Descriptive notes.12 cm, 13-15 g, wingspan 26-29 cm. Dark brown above, white below, only obviows characters dark brown chest-band, but dark dusky brown underwing and undertail also noticeable. Sexes similar, no seasonal variation.Juvenil similar to adult but dark plumage areas less unigorm. Habitat.Mainly aerial, usually in low airspace.Breeds from Mediterranean through steppe, temperate, and boreal to upper subarctic zones, in continental and also oceanic climate, with summer temperatures ranging down 10c, and varying regimes of wind and rainfall. Rarely on ground, spending much of day in flight, resting on overhead wires and other suitable perches. Roosts gregariously, often in reedbeds. Avoids densely wooded or built-up areas, mountains and broken terrain deserts, and narrow valleys, preferring neighbourhood of sandy, loamy, or other workable banks, cliffs, and earth mounds. Food and FeedingSmall airborne invertebrates. Feeds almost exclusively in flight, also recorded feeding on ground.Breeding.May-Jul in western Europe. Nest, hole in river bank, sand quarry, or sea-cliff, occasionally in drain pipe or other artificial hole. Nes-cup made of feathers, grass, leaves, etc, building by both birds.2 eggs, sub-elliptical, smooth and fairly glossy, white. Incubation 14-14 days, by both parents. Movements.Migratory. Most of breeding range vacated in winter. Main west Palearctic populations plus all those of Siberia winter in African Sahel zone and in East Africa south to Mozambique.Central and East Asian populations winter in India and S-E Asia, race shelleyi is resident in part, though in winter ranges further south into Sudan and recorded also on Red Sea coast of Eritrea. Nearctic populations winter in South America south to Argentina. USSR populations move through Nile Valley and across Arabia, and extend much further south in Africa in winter than do western populations. Status and ConservationNot globally threatened. Bred in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia.Israel.In Israel four subspecies R. r. riparia most common form on passage, irregular winter visitor.Race R. r. diluta. an uncommon passage migrant, exclusively in spring. Race R. r. eilata (Shirihai & Colston 1992) quite common passage migrant in Eilat Race R. r. shelleyi rare to scarce on spring passage in Eilat. |
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