| .םיצע ןויפיפ (353 | ||||||||||
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דיחא ובג עבצ ,תודש ןויפיפל דואמ המודו םוח יללכה וארמ :םיצע ןויפיפ .רתוי םילודג והזחב םימתכהו רתוי לילד והזחב רומינהו .רתוי תודורו וילגרו ,םינויפיפה בור לשמ ףופכו רצק תירוחאה עבצאה רפוט .ולש תולולכה תרישו ופועמ ,דחוימב םיטלוב ןוניקה תפוקתב הקירפאו ודוהל דע ףרוחבו היסא זכרמל דע רדוח ,הלוכ הפוריא ינפ לע ערתשמ ולודיג תיב .םיכומנ םיחיש תודשו שרבא תושרוח ,םילילד תורעיב יוצמ ןוניקה תעב .תיפורטה .ץראה םורדו זכרמב רידנ ףרוח ,ץראה יקלח בורב רתויב יוצמ חרוא רבוע ץראב | ||||||||||
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Subspecies and Distribution.
A. t. trivialis Europe and Asia minor, in N through W Siberia E Lake Baykal, in S to shores of Caspian Sea. A. t. schlueteri moutains of W-C Asia from C-E Afghanistan and Tien Shan to Tarbagatay mountains. A. t. haringtoni N-E Himalayas from Kashmir to Garhwal. | ||||||||||
Descriptive notes.15-17 cm, 20-26 g, wingspan 25-27 cm. Slightly bulkier than Meadow Pipit, with slimmer rear body making tail length more obvious, and slightly longer wings with narrower point.Plumage pattern typical of small pipits but differs subtly from typical Meadow Pipit and Red-throated Pipit in combination of noticeably pale eye-ring, warm but not rufous upperparts, striking wing-bars, yellow-buff, boldly spotted breast, and little-streaked flanks. At close range, quite large bill, noticeably pink legs and short hind claw are useful characters. Sexes similar, little seasonal variation. Habitat.breeds in middle and upper middle latitudes, and in Scandinavia up through subarctic to borders of and Arctic, thence down through boreal and temperate to forest tundra belt, overlapping in central Palearctic.Mainly in continental but spreading marginally into oceanic climates, but avoiding more exposed windy and wet as well as torrid and arid conditions. Like congeners, basically a ground-feeder and ground-nester, but unique among them in west Palearctic in attachment to trees and bushes as look-outs and song-posts, no less essential in breeding territory than suitable foraging terrain and nest-sites. Accordingly shuns both open treeless and shrubless habitats and those where density of woody vegetation leaves insufficient open low herbage accessible. Food and FeedingChiefly insects with some plant material taken in autumn and winter. Food taken mostly from ground, low herbage, and leaf litter, more rarely from twigs, branches, tree trunks, and stumps.Occasionally takes insects after short aerial pursuit from ground. Breeding.Apr-Jun in N-W Europe. Nest site on ground flat or sloping, in low cover, or more or less in the open. Nest shallow depression holding substantial cup of dry grass leaves and stems, often with moss foundation, lined with finer grasses and hair.2-6 eggs, sub-elliptical, smooth and glossy. Extremely variable in color - often brown, grey, or reddish, but also pale blue, pink, green, or dark brown. Incubation 12-14 days by female only. Movements.Long-distance total migrant. Winters on Crete and islands of Aegean, in Persian Gulf states, and in N Iran, but otherwise wholly in Afrotropics and Indian subcontinent.Main wintering area in Africa extends across from Guinea coast to Ethiopia in the west, south only to northern edge of equatorial rain forest, but in east extending south to Natal and Transvaal. Status and ConservationNot globally threatened. Marked decrease Netherlands, England, N Finland and Switzerland, but estimated in Europe abut 5-8 millions pairs.Israel.In Israel two subspecies A. t. trivialis common to abundant passage migrant and rare winter visitor in C and S Israel.Race A. t. schlueteri a scarce migrant through eastern parts and Eilat. |
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