| .תודש ןויפיפ (354 | ||||||||||
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.ולוקב רקיעב ונממ הנושו םיצעה ןויפיפל המוד ,ןטק ןויפיפ :תודש ןויפיפ ונוחג ,ןבל וניע ספ .םימוחש םימתכב םיספסופמו םיינתיז-םימוח םינוילעה ופוג יקלח ןמזבו ,ההכ ספ טלוב תוהכ תומוחה ויפנכ לע .ההכ לגלגס סופספ וילעו ךלכולמ ןבל םילגרה ,רוחש רוקמה ,ההכ המוח ןיעה תיתשק .םינבלה ובנז ילוש םיטלוב ופועמ .םיצעה ןויפיפ לשמ ךורא ירוחאה רפוטהו תובע תועבצא תולעבו תומוח ןויפיפה .ףרוח אוה םש ןקלבהו המורדב דבלמ הפוריא תיברמ לע ערתשמ ולודיג תיב תוציב ,םימ יווקימ תודג ,תוציב ,יניפלא בשע תודש ,תורדנוט ,םיחותפ םיפונב ןנקמ .תורהנ יכפשו םירפסמבו ץראה ןופצו זכרמב רקיעב ,יוצמ אל חרוא רבועו ,חיכש ףרוח רקבמ ץראב .הברעל דע םינטק | ||||||||||
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Subspecies and Distribution.
A. p. pratensis from S-E Greenland through Europe to Siberia (except Ireland and Scotland). A. p. whistleri Ireland and W Scotland | ||||||||||
Descriptive notes.Somewhat smaller than all other small pipits, with more rounded wings, less bulky than large pipits,with proportionately shorter tail.13-15 cm, 13-19 g, wingspan 22-25 cm. Sleek but dumpy, active pipit, epitome of genus but lacking striking diagnostic field characters and much more readily identified by call than plumage. Typically olive or brown above, heavily streaked except on rump, and ochre or grey-white below, heavily spotted and streaked on chest and flanks, striking features restricted to cold white tail sides. At close range, distinct but dull wing-bars, pale brown legs, and long hind claw form useful characters. Habitat.Breeds in middle, upper middle, and upper latitudes of west Palearctic, from temperate through boreal to fringe of arctic climatic zones, and from continental to oceanic regimes, accepting rainy, windy, and chilly conditions, but avoiding ice and prolonged snow cover as well as torrid and arid areas, within rather narrow temperature range of 10-20 degrees.Eurasian mainland chooses, as a ground-dweller, open areas of rather low fairly complete vegetation cover. Avoids extensive bare rock, stones, sand, soil, and close-cropped grass of herbage, and on the other hand tall dense vegetation, including woods, telegraph wires, stone walls, and other points of vantage. Food and FeedingDiet based on invertebrates, with some plant seeds in autumn and winter. Feeds almost exclusively on ground, walking at steady rate picking invertebrates from leaves and plant stems.Occasionally takes insects in flight which it has disturbed but never flies after them. Breeding.Onset of laying affected by temperature in last third of Mar, becoming later with increasing altitude and latitude.Apr-Aug in central and western Europe, Apr-May in Britain, Jun-Jul in Swedish Lapland. Nest site on ground, usually concealed in vegetation. Nest, cup of grasses and other plant material, lined finer vegetation and hair, building by female. 3-5 eggs, sub-elliptical, smooth and glossy, quite variable, usually brown, grey, or reddish, spotted or mottled, sometimes finely streaked brown, black, or grey. Incubation 11-15 days by female only. Movements.Resident or partial migrant in western Europe, but northern and eastern populations are medium-distance total migrants, though in some milder winters only extreme north completely vacated.Movement almost entirely diurnal. Status and ConservationNot globally threatened. The European population estimated over 3.000.000 pairs.Israel.In Israel subspecies A. p. pratensis abundant winter visitor and uncommon passage migrant, in northern and central Israel, and parts of the Negev. |
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