| .יוצמ ירתס (375 | ||||||||||
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.םוח ופוג ראש םירופא ופרועו ושארש אלא תיבה רורדל המוד :יוצמ ירתס .םירצ ובנזו וראוצ ,ופרוע .ידמל תרמוקמ ושאר תפיכ ,ןידע ורוקמ .לוחב שלפתמו תונבצעב ויפנכ תא דיערמ הארנ עובק ןפואב .ןוכיתה םי יפוח ךרואלו קוחרה ןופצה דבלמ הפוריא תשבי בור לע ערתשמ ולודיג תיב ינפ הבוגמ ,דחאכ םילע יבחרו םיינטחמ תורעיו תושרוח , םיחיש תודשב יח ירתסה .םירהה ימורמל דעו םיה .ץראה ןופצו זכרמב חיכש חרוא רבועו ףרוח רקבמ ץראב | ||||||||||
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Subspecies and Distribution.
P. m. hebridium Ireland and Outer and Inner Hebrides. P. m. occidentalis E Scotland, England, and Wales. P. m. modularis C&N Europe, from C France, Netherlands, Norway E to Ural, S to Alps, Yugoslavia, and Rumania. P. m. mabboti Iberia, Pyrenees, S-C France, Italy S to Greece. P. m. meinerizhageni S Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. P. m. fuscata mountains of Crimea. P. m. euxina N-W Asia Minor. P. m. obscura E Turkey and Iran N to Caucasus. | ||||||||||
Descriptive notes.14-15 cm, 18 g, wingspan 19-21 cm. Same length as House Sparrow but less bulky, with fine bill, evenly domed head, and slimmer rear body and tail. Sleek but plump, ground-creeping passerine, with warbler-like bill, rather round head, and constant, seemingly nervous wing-twitching.Plumage essentially grey on head and chest, brown elsewhere, copiously streaked on upperparts and flanks. Sexes rather similar, little seasonal vareation. HabitatIn upper and middle latitudes, mainly in teperate but marginally in subarctic, horeal, and Mediterranean zones.Evolved in scrub and stunted coniferous arctic-alpine and wooded tundra habitats which are still occupied in Switzerland, southern USSR, and elsewhere. Food and FeedingLargely insects, plus significant proportion of seeds in winter. Predominantly a ground feeder, spending much of time in cover.Feeds under bushes, hedges, young conifers, and piles of twigs, and amongst roots and leaf litter. In summer feeds more often in vegetation, up to 8 m above ground. In winter moves nearer human habitation and regularly seen in farms, gardens, and window-ledges. Breeding.Apr-May in Britain and N-W Europe, mid May in Leningrad region, Apr-Jun in Sweden. Nest site in bush, hedge, or low tree, sometimes in side of bank, normally well concealed. Occasionally uses old nest of another bird.Incubation 12-13 days, by femsle only. Movements.Resident, partial migrant, and, in N and C Europe, total migrant. Populations of Ireland and W Scotland mainly sedentary.Populations of E Scotland, S Britain, and W France for the most part make only short dispersive movements. Main continental populations, especially those breeding in northern areas, move to winter in south-west Iberia, Mediterranean area, southern USSR, and Turkey. Status and ConservationNot globally threatened. Increased in Europe, estimated over 10.000.000 pairs.Israel.In Israel subspecies P. m. modularis fairly common passage migrant and winter visitor in central and north parts of the country. |
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