| .תיפוריא תיעלס (396 | ||||||||||
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.םירפרפאה ובגו ופרועב ,ודוקדוקב תויעלסה ראש ןיבמ. טלוב רכזה :תיפוריא תיעלס | ||||||||||
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Subspecies and Distribution.
O. o. leucorhoa N-E Candada, Greenland, and Iceland. O. o. oenanthe Europe, W and N Siberia, and Alaska, E from Faeroes and Ireland, S to Pyrenees, Alps, Yugoslavia, C Rumania, soutern Urals, and Yakutia. O. o. libanotica Spain W of Pyrenees, Balearic is, E Rumania, Cricea, Greece, Turkey, Levant, Iran and from Kazakhstan and Afghanistan E to Altai, Transbaykalia, and Mongolia. O. o. seebohme N-W Africa. | ||||||||||
Descriptive notes.14-16 cm, 19-27 g, wingspan 26-32 cm. Specific characters most obvious in spring and summer, with fully blue-grey crown, nape, and back of male diagnostic, and always pale or clean throat and breast of female helpful. Sexes markedly dissimilar in breeding plumage, less so in winter.HabitatBreeds from high and low Arctic through boreal and temperate zones to steppe, Mediterranean, and subtropical arid zones, and from extreme continental to extreme oceanic climates, reaching Nearctic tundra from both European and Asian distribution areas.Much of this expansion must have occurred since the last glaciation and far surpasses that of other Oenanthe with which however it shares constraints of requiring ready-made rock or burrow nest-site immediately neighbouring seasonally insect-rich bare patches or short swards for easy foraging. Has exploited stony and shrub tundra, rocky slopes, scree, and alpine meadows above treeline in mountains. Food and FeedingDiet based chiefly on insects, also spiders, molluscs, and other small invertebrates, supplemented by berries.Normally locates prey visually, chiefly on ground or in low vegetation. Two main foraging techniques, which may be used in same area. 1) Running, in flat areas of short turf, runs short distance, stops to pick up item or to scan ground ahead, and then runs on. 2) Perching, in areas of scattered perches, uses these to scan ground nearby, drops down for item, and then returns to perch or moves to new one. Breeding.Apr-Jun in Britain and N-W Europe, May-Jun in S-C Europe, May-Jul in Scandinavia. Nest site, in hole in wall, among stones or rocks, in burrow, or in ruined building.Nest, foundation comprises large, untidy mass of dried stems, plus grass and occasional large feathers, cup more tightly woven of finer grass stems and leaves, with some moss and lichen. 4-7 eggs, sub-elliptical, smooth and not glossy, very pale blue, unmarked or with a few red-brown flecks at broad end. Incubation 10-16 days, by female only, though male occasionally said to help. Movements.Migratory, though N African race probably only partially so. Eurasian and Alaskan population is common over most of winter range in western Africa.European birds passage occurs on broad front across southern Europe, Mediterranean, and full length of North African coast. Status and ConservationNot globally threatened. Estimated in Europe abut 2.000.000 pairs.Israel.In Israel two subspecies O. o. oenanthe the more common form on passage and O. o. libanotica widespread on passage, rare winter visitor, and breeding summer visitor in N Israel. |
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