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הבקנה .בוהצה רוקמה דבלמ ולוכ רוחש ,ונצראב םיילכיקה ןיבמ חיכשה :רורחש | ||||||||||
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Subspecies and Distribution.
T. m. merula Europe except S Balkans, Greece, and S USSR. T. m. aterrimus Balkans S from S & E Yugoslavia and Rumania, S Ukraine, Crimea, and Caucasus, south to Crete, Taurus mountains, and N Iran. T. m. syriacus S-E Turkey, Levant, Iraq, and Iran. T. m. maurtanicus N-W Africa. T. m. cabrerae Madeira and W Canary Is. T. m. azorensis Azores. T. m. intermedius C Asia from Afghanistan E through China. T. m. maximus Himalayas. T. m. simillimus S-W India. 6 further races in southern Asia. | ||||||||||
Descriptive notes.24-25 cm, 75-110 g, wingspan 34-38 cm. Medium-sized, round-headed, rather long-tailed, noisy thrush, differing from all other west Palearctic Turdus in uniformly or mainly dark plumage. Black in male, and rufous-brown in female. Only obvious features are yellow bill in male, pale throat in female.Flight wavering, with fast bursts of wing-beats, rather long, rounded tail obvious. Song rich and fluting. Sexes dissimilar, little seasonal variation. HabitatExceptionally diverse, including dense woodland, varied types of farmland, heaths moors, some wetlands, and settled sites including inner cities. Found in middle and overlapping to lower middle and upper latitudes of west Palearctic, including oceanic islands and coasts as will as milder boreal and temperate continental regions.Given shelter, will tolerate wet, windy, and cool situations better than very warm and dry ones, prefers moisture and shade, with ample access to bare ground, layers of dead leaves or short grass and herbage. Food and FeedingMainly insects and earthworms, also fruit from late summer to early winter. Feeds largely on ground throughout year, though also in trees and bushes. Foraging behaviour on grass meadow described as follows: typically makes series of straight line movements separated by short pauses after which bird may change direction.Breeding.Mid Mar to late Jun in W Europe and Britain, Mar-Jun in Canary Is. Nest site, typically against trunk of small tree or bush supported by small banches and twigs, or among branches, frequently in or on wall, outside or inside building, among pile of brushwood or other cebris, or occasionally on ground.Nest, substantial cup of grass,straw, small twis and other plant material, usually on foundation of moss, occasionally incorporating decoration of paper, foil, etc, plastered inside with mud and lined with fine grass. 3-5 eggs, sub-elliptical, smooth and glossy, usually pale greenish-blue, mottled and speckled light red-brown, though varying from brownish tint all over ot unmarked. Incubation 12-14 days, by female only. Movements.Resident and migratory, with northern populations moving south or west to winter in southern or western Europe chiefly within boundaries of breeding range.Status and ConservationNot globally threatened. Increasing in Europe.Israel.In Israel three subspecies T. m. syriacus abundant resident throughout N & C Israel.T. m. aterrimus a scarce winter visitor, in N & C. T. m. merula rare winter visitor in N & C Israel. |
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