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רכזה לש ורוקמ תחתמו לכלכת-רופא ושאר .םיזגריה תחפשמל ךיוש רבעב ,יזגריל המוד :ןתמפש | ||||||||||
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Subspecies and Distribution.
P. b. biarmicus, western Europe east to Sweden, Poland, Switzerland, Iraly, S Yugoslavia, Albania, and Greece, also Transcaucasia. P. b. kosswigi S Turkey, probably extinct . P. b. russicus C Europe east from Austria and N-E Yugoslavia through southern European USSR to lower Volga river, Asia Minor, and from Transcaspia E through C Asia to China. | ||||||||||
Descriptive notes.17 c, 14 g, wingspan 16-18 cm. Stubby billed, short-wings, and very long-tailed, somewhat sparrow or tit like bird, with essentially sandy or tawny-russet plumage strikingly marked in male by grey and white head with bold black moustaches and bold black under tail-coverts, and in all plumages by black, cream, and white marks near or on wings.Restless and vocal, with whirring, tail-trailing flight suggestion tiny pheasant, and commonest call diagnostic. Sexes similar, no seasonal variation. HabitatBreeds across middle latitudes of west Palearctic in cool and warm temperate climates, predominantly continental and lowland, concentrated in small often isolated fragments of suitable wetland. Range excludes uplands, all bare, rocky, and open areas, forests, coasts, farmland, open waters or all kinds, and human settlements and artefacts. Concentrated in usually large tracts of reed and associated dense tall non woody vegetation growing by or often in fresh or brackish water, or immediately adjoining marshes and swamps.Food and FeedingChiefly invertebrates in summer, mainly seeds in late autumn and winter. Forages almost exclusively in wetlands on reeds, muddy ground and margins of open water. Moves across stems lying in water, feeding on insects from water surface, and from below surface, but not deeper than bill length.Very agile on with each foot. When perched on stem, sometimes uses pressed against stem while feeding from bottom to top of seed-head. Breeding.Mid Apr to Jul in Netherlands and Britain, late Mar in France, Austria, Hungary, S Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Azerbaydzhan, and from April in northern Europe. Nest site, built among close-growing stems of reeds, sedges, and other marsh vegetation. Typically among more or less vertical stems, but also among broken or flattened vegetation, in clusters of basal leaves, or built into rim of nest of heron. Nearly always protected above by roof of sheltering vegetation.Nest, deep cup of dead leaves of reeds and other marsh plants, lined with reed flower-heads, usually also feathers, occasionally mammal hair. 4-8 eggs, sub-elliptical, smooth and glossy, white to creamy-white, lightly and finely streaked, spotted, and speckled dark brown. Incubation 10-13 days, by both sexes. Movements.Sedentary to partial migrant. European populations basically fairly sedentary, but subject to eruptive movements. Heading is dependent primarily on occurrence of reedbeds, irrespective of compass direction, birds travel typically in pairs and groups.Status and ConservationNot globally threatened. Has spread in much of northern and eastern Europe and Iberia.Israel.In Israel subspecies P. b. russicus very rare winter visitor to northern Israel. |
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