| .םינחוט יכבס (462 | ||||||||||
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םתכה ,רתוי ההכו רופא ךא םיצוק יכבסל המוד ,ולדוגב ינוניב יכבס :םינחוט יכבס | ||||||||||
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Subspecies and Distribution.
S. c. curruca Europe from Fennoscandia, Britain and N France, N Italy, Balkans, Asia Minor, Levant, N&SW Iran, slopes of Greater Caucasus, middle Volga basin, and W Siberia. S. c. blythi N Siberia, S. c. caucasica Turkey, Caucasus and N Iran and zagrossiensis SW Iran synonymized with nominate. S. c. halimodendri Kazakhstan to Mongolia. S. c. telengirica deserts of S Soviet Altai and W and S Mongolia, is included within S. c. halimodendri | ||||||||||
Taxonomy.Motacilla curruca Linnaeus, 1758, south Sweden. Systematics of this species and S. minula and S. althaea controversial. All three traditionally considered conspecific, but recent exhaustive phenotypic and genetic studies suggest that they should be treated as separate species, differing not only genetically but also vocally and in size (but less markedly in plumage), in parts of Asia where they breed very close to each other, they are segregated ecologically and altitudinally.Descriptive notes.12-14 cm, 11-14 g, wingspan 16-20 cm. Medium-sized, slim but not strikingly long-tailed warbler, with rather demure appearance and often more secretive behavior than S. communis. Dull grey-brown upperparts and dull white underparts with dusky head and white-edged dusky tail. Usually no contrasting wing-panel.Sexes closely similar, little seasonal variation. Habitat.Breeds mainly in middle and upper middle latitudes of west Palearctic, in continental warm temperate, steppe, and boreal zones, largely in lowlands but in Switzerland mainly at 1500-2000 m. Flourishes in habitats intermediate between extensive closed forest and open country, resorting to well-spaced often tall bushes, shrub, hedge row, plantations, well-grown gardens, parks, and similar situations where dense cover well broken with pronounced vertical structure, often facing glades, clearings, or grasslands.Food and FeedingChiefly invertebrates, also berries in late summer and autumn. Forages mostly in bushes and trees, taking insects from leaves, twigs, and bark. During early morning, forages in upper branches of trees, but during day mostly in middle and lower levels, occasionally on ground.Breeding.Mid Apr to Jul in N-W Europe, up to two weeks earlier in C Europe, Mid May to end Jun in Finland. Nest site, in bushes and small trees, and occasionally perennial herbs, especially those with thorns, fine leaves or suckers on trunk, facilitating attachment on nest.Nest, deep cup of grass and herb stems and leaves, usually with small twigs and rootlets, plus moss and spiders' webs and cocoons, lined with finer grass and rootlets, hair, and some plant down. 4-6 eggs, sub-elliptical smooth and glossy,white to creamy-white, sparsely marked with olive or olive-buff and grey speckles, spots, and blotches, often denser at broad end. Incubation 10-14 days, by both sexes. Movements.All populations migratory. European and West Siberian race, nominate, winters in N-W Africa, chiefly Sudan, Chad and Egypt.S-E Europe and Middle East race, caucasica presumably merges with nominate on passage. E Siberian and Mongolian races blythi and telengitica winter chiefly in Pakistan and India E to West Bengal. Kazakhstan race halimodendri, winters in S-E Iran, S Afghanistan, and widely in Pakistan. W-C Asian desert race jaxartica , wintering birds widespread and common in Arabia, also in Iran. Status and ConservationNot globally threatened. Increase in recent decades, estimates of 75.000.000 pairs. (1992)Israel.In Israel two subspecies S. c. curruca the commonest form on passage. S. c. caucasica quite common on passage and breeding summer visitor in north. S. c. blythi a quite common migrant, mostly in spring. S. c. halimodendri scarce migrant, mostly in spring. |
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