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.ידמל רצק ובנזו םיכורא וילגרו ויפנכ ,ידמל ןוסחו לודג יכבס :הפיכ-רוחש יכבס | ||||||||||
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Subspecies and Distribution.
S. a. atricapill Europe and W Siberia, S to Pyr'en'ees, N Italy, Balkan countries, Greece, Turkey, in USSR, Sto Crimeaand basins of middle Don and Volga. S. a. dammholzi Kuban valley (USSR)Caucasus, Transcaucasia, and N Iran. S. a. paulucci Corsica, Sardinia, Balearic Is, Tunisia, C Italy. S. a. heineken W and S-W Spain, Portugal, Madeira, and Canary Is, Morocco, and Algeria. S. a. gularis Cape Verde Is, and Azores. | ||||||||||
Descriptive notes.13-14 cm, 15-22 g, wingspan 20-23 cm. Quite large and robust warbler, with rather long wings and legs but rather short tail. Essentially dusky-brown above, pale grey below, lacks white on tail-edges, and marked only by diagnostic short cap - black on male, brownish on female and immature.Sexes dissimilar, no seasonal variation. Habitat.Breeds throughout middle latitudes of west Palearctic in temperate, boreal, and mediterranean climates, oceanic as well as continental. Highly arboreal, preferring to forage and sing in crowns of trees, often in more or less mature forest, although requiring also tall, not too dense shrubby undergrowth, especially for nesting.Food and FeedingChiefly insects in breeding season, mainly plant material at other times. in breeding season, mainly picks insects from leaves and twigs, at heights of up to 20 m, not significantly different from feeding height of Garden Warbler.Breeding.May-Jun in W and N-W Europe, May-Jul in Finland, Mid Apr to late Jul in S West Germany, mid Apr in S France, end Aug to end Nov in Cape Verde.Nest site, in low brambles, shrubs, and trees, on branch or among trunk suckers. Less often in creepers, tall herbs, or ferns. Nest, finely-constructed cup, often with transparent walls and or bottom, of grass and herb stems and leaves, plus rootlets and small twigs, bound together with spiders' webs and cocoons, lined with finer grasses, rootlets, and hair. 4-6 eggs, sub-elliptical, smooth and glossy, very variable in ground-color and markings, mainly white or very pale buff, pink, or olive, with buff, brown, olive, red-brown, or purplish spots, speckles, and blotches. Incubation 10-16 days, by both parents. Movements.Wide variety of strategies, populations from different parts of range varying from resident to migratory.Mediterranean and Atlantic Islands races pauluccii, heineken, and gularis, chiefly resident or presumed resident. Rest of account refers to nominate and Caucasian race dammholzi , Northern and eastern birds wholly migratory, southern birds partially migratory, with most birds north of Mediterranean region leaving breeding area. 'leap-frog' migrant: northern populations move longest distance, reaching south of winter range, and populations further south apparently move progressively less far. Evidence from ringing recoveries, weight gain, and weights of grounded migrants suggests that progression is by a few long-distance movements. Status and ConservationNot globally threatened. Abundant in Europe, population estimated over 15.000.000 pairs.Israel.In Israel subspecies S. a atricapilla the main form on passage and uncommon winter visitor. Limited breederin north, and S. a dammholzi passage migrant in smaller numbers than nominate, mainly through eastern and southern parts. |
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